Physiology of exercise in spinal cord injury

Chapter 1: The Physiology of Exercise in Spinal Cord Injury (SCI): An Overview of the Limitations and Adaptations; 1.1 Motor Limitations and Potential Adaptations; 1.2 Cardiovascular Implications; 1.3 Ventilatory Limitations; 1.4 Thermoregulatory Considerations; 1.5 Alterations in Body Composition and Inflammation; 1.6 Impact on Bone Fracture Risk; 1.7 Pain; 1.8 Conclusion; References; Chapter 2: Physiology of Motor Deficits and the Potential of Motor Recovery After a Spinal Cord Injury; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Adaptation of Neuromuscular Properties After a SCI; 2.3 Animal Studies

2.3.1 Adaptations Post-injury2.3.2 Rehabilitation Strategies; 2.4 Human Studies; 2.4.1 Adaptations Post-injury; 2.4.2 Rehabilitative Strategies; 2.5 Bases for Automaticity in the Control of Movement; 2.6 Sensory Input to the Spinal Cord Defines the Dynamics of the Physiological States in Controlling Movement After a SCI; 2.7 Fundamental Elements of Controlling Movement After a SCI; 2.8 SCI and Motor Unit Properties and Recruitment Order; 2.8.1 Frequency of Motor Unit Firing; 2.8.2 Amplitude of Motor Unit Potentials; 2.9 Spinal Learning of a Motor Skill After a SCI

2.10 Assist-as-Needed Experiments Reflect Inherent Stochastic Variation in Spinal Networks2.11 Conceptualizing Neuromodulation as a Network Phenomenon; References; Chapter 3: Role of Activity in Defining Metabolic and Contractile Adaptations After SCI; 3.1 Metabolic and Contractile Alterations After SCI; 3.1.1 Muscle Atrophy; 3.1.2 Myotypology; 3.1.3 Muscle Metabolism; 3.1.4 Muscle Contractile Properties; 3.1.5 Vascularization; 3.2 Effects of Activity on Muscle Adaptations After SCI; 3.2.1 Electrical Stimulation (ES); 3.2.2 Effects on Muscle Atrophy; 3.2.3 Effects on Myotypology

3.2.4 Effects on Metabolism3.2.5 Effects on Contractile Properties; 3.2.6 Effects on Vascularization; References; Chapter 4: Respiratory System Responses to Exercise in Spinal Cord Injury; 4.1 Respiratory Function at Rest; 4.2 Breathing Patterns During Exercise; 4.3 Control of Exercise Hyperpnea; 4.4 Respiratory Limitations; 4.5 Cardiopulmonary Interactions; 4.6 Methods to Augment Respiratory Function; 4.6.1 Exercise Training; 4.6.2 Respiratory Muscle Training; 4.6.3 Abdominal Binding; 4.7 Concluding Remarks and Future Directions; References

Chapter 5: Alterations in Cardiac Electrophysiology After Spinal Cord Injury and Implications for Exercise5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Mid-Thoracic SCI; 5.3 Myocardial Damage Following SCI; 5.4 Altered Autonomic Control of the Heart and Vasculature Following SCI; 5.5 Altered Cardiac Electrophysiology Following SCI; 5.6 Autonomic Neuroplasticity Following SCI; 5.6.1 Incidence of Cardiac Arrhythmias Among Individuals with SCI; 5.7 Susceptibility to Ventricular Arrhythmias Following SCI; 5.8 Implications for Exercise Following SCI; 5.9 Exercise and the Importance of Venous Return