Ginseng diggers: a history of root and herb gathering in Appalachia

Introduction: From "roots and herbs" to "crude botanical drugs"

The journey of Ewing's roots : American Ginseng and the China trade

Appalachia's first ginseng boom and the evolution of commons culture

Marketing the mountain commons : Calvin J. Cowles and the origins of the botanical drug trade

Mountain entrepreneurs : the Civil War and the botanical drug boom, 1861-1919

Nature's emporium : root diggers and herb gatherers in post-Civil War Appalachia

"Beasts in the garden" : class, conservation, and cultivation

Progress and ginseng : the growth of the sang digger stereotype

Epilogue: The decline of root and herb gathering and the fate of the commons.