Democratic enlightenment: philosophy, revolution, and human rights, 1750-1790

List of Plates

List of Abbreviations

1. Introduction

1. Defining the Enlightenment

2. Interpreting the Enlightenment: The Argument

3. Social Context, Cultural Process, Ideas

Part I. The Radical Challenge

2. Nature and Providence: Earthquakes and the Human Condition

1. The Great Enlightenment Earthquake Controversy (1750-1757)

2. Philosophy and Interpreting Disaster

3. The Encyclopédie Suppressed (1752-1760)

1. Fighting 'la Philosophic Moderne'

2. Diderot Loses his Contributors

3. The 'War' of the Encyclopédie after 1759

4. Rousseau against the Philosophes

1. Breaking with the Encyclopédistes

2. Virtue Restored

3. Deism and the Roots of Political Radicalism

5. Voltaire, Enlightenment, and the European Courts

1. Moderate Enlightenment Dominant?

2. Regrouping at Cleves

3. A Faltering Mainstream

6. Anti-philosophes

1. Anti-philosophie as a Cultural Force

2. Catholic Enlightenment against Radical Thought

3. Philosophy, Religion, and the Social Order

4. Anti-philosophie versus Spinoza and Bayle

7. Central Europe: Aufklärung Divided

1. The Legacy of Leibniz and Wolff

2. Berlin and its Royal Academy

3. Kant: Searching for the Middle Passage

4. Reimarus: Erosion from the Centre

Part II. Rationalizing the Ancien Régime

8. Hume, Scepticism, and Moderation

1. Hume's Enlightenment

2. Hume, Aristocracy, and the British Empire

9. Scottish Enlightenment and Man's 'Progress'

1. Smith, Ferguson, and Civil Society

2. Kames, Race, and Providence

3. Reid and 'Common Sense'

10. Enlightened Despotism

1. Radical Enlightenment against 'Enlightened Despotism'

2. The German Small States

3. Joseph II, 'Josephism', and the Austrian Monarchy

4. Music, Literature, and the Fine Arts

11. Aufklärung and the Fracturing of German Protestant Culture

1. Deism besieged

2. Bahrdt and Freedom of Expression

3. Lessing and the Fragmentenstreit

12. Catholic Enlightenment: The Papacy's Retreat

1. Moderate versus Radical Enlightenment in Italy

2. Beccaria and Legal Reform

13. Society and the Rise of the Italian Revolutionary Enlightenment

1. The 'Reform of Italy' Controversy

2. Reforming Austrian Milan

3. Deprivation, Revolution, and the 'Two Sicilies'

14. Spain and the Challenge of Reform

1. Remaking a Transatlantic Empire

2. The Jesuits and Carlos III's Church Policy

3. The Olavide Affair

4. Spain and the Radical Challenge

Part III. Europe and the Remaking of the World

15. The Histoire philosophique, or Colonialism Overturned

1. The Book that made a World 'Revolution'

2. Philosophy and the Indies

3. Transatlantic Impact

4. The Histoire philosophique as a Project of World Revolution

16. The American Revolution

1. Enlightenment and the Birth of the United States

2. Counter-Enlightenment and Modernity

3. Princeton, Harvard, Yale, and Columbia

4. Undemocratic States

5. An Inconclusive Legacy

17. Europe and the Amerindians

1. Aztecs and Incas Reconfigured

2. Amerindians: Saved, or to be Saved?

3. The Tupac Amaru Rebellion

18. Philosophy and Revolt in Ibero-America (1765-1792)

1. The Creole-Peninsular Rift

2. Bourbon Enlightenment in the Americas

3. Radical Enlightenment Diffused across the Atlantic

4. The American Revolution and the Spanish American Revolution (1780-1809)

5. Philosophy and Self-Emancipation from Spain

19. Commercial Despotism: Dutch Colonialism in Asia

1. An Asian Empire

2. The Enlightenment Radiating from Batavia

20. China, Japan, and the West

1. Sinophilia in the Later Enlightenment

2. Chinese Society: Two Incompatible Radical Accounts

3. Enlightenment in Asia: The Case of Japan

21. India and the Two Enlightenments

1. Radical Critique of the British Raj

2. Administration and Law in British India

22. Russia's Greeks, Poles, and Serfs

1. Russia's 'Liberation of Greece' (1769-1772)

2. Diderot's Clash with Catherine

3. Russia's First Radical

Part IV. Spinoza Controversies in the Later Enlightenment

23. Rousseau, Spinoza, and the 'General Will'

1. Towards the Modern Democratic Conception of Sovereignty

2. Radical Enlightenment, Revolution, and Rousseau's Counter-Enlightenment

24. Radical Breakthrough

1. D'Holbach's 'Bombs'

2. Voltaire's Last Encounter: Battling Spinoza

3. The Trial of Delisle de Sales (1775-1777)

25. Pantheismusstreit (1780-1787)

1. Lessing's Legacy

2. The Early Stages of the German 'Spinoza Controversy'

3. Mendelssohn, Jacobi, and the Public Rift

4. Kant's Intervention

5. Later Stages of the Pantheismusstreit

26. Kant and the Radical Challenge

1. Dilemmas of Moderation

2. Critiquing Kant's Critical Philosophy

27. Goethe, Schiller, and the New 'Dutch Revolt' against Spain

1. Drama and Political Philosophy

2. Art as the New 'Religion'

Part V. Revolution

28. 1788-1789: The 'General Revolution' Begins

1. Nobility versus the Third Estate

2. The Revolution's Second Phase

3. Books and Revolution

29. The Diffusion

1. Publishers, Booksellers, and Colporteurs

2. Anti-philosophie and the Diffusion of Radical Literature

30. 'Philosophy' as a Maker of Revolutions

1. D'Holbach's Politics

2. Representative Democracy

31. Aufklärung and the Secret Societies (1776-1792)

1. 'Revolution' and the Secret Societies

2. Weishaupt's 'General Reformation of the World'

3. Bavaria's Counter-Enlightenment

4. The Deutsche Union

5. Prussia's Counter-Enlightenment

32. Small-State Revolutions in the 1780s

1. The Geneva Revolution of 1782: Democrats versus 'Aristocrats'

2. Aachen, Liège, and the Austrian Netherlands

33. The Dutch Democratic Revolution of the 1780s

1. How to make Democracy

2. Liberation Movement in Exile

34. The French Revolution: Prom 'Philosophy' to Basic Human Rights (1788-1790)

1. From the Bastille to the King's Return to Paris (July-October 1789)

2. Ideas and the Revolutionary Leadership

3. Philosophes against the Revolution

35. Epilogue: 1789 as an Intellectual Revolution

1. The 'General Revolution' as a Global Process

2. Commemorating the Revolutionary Enlightenment's Heroes

Bibliography

Index